The Role of the Microbiome in Cancer Development
Keywords:
cancer microbiome, Tumor microenvironment, microbial dysbiosis, Drug resistance, Microbiota, Biofilms, Host-microbe interactionsAbstract
An estimated 38 trillion microbiome including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, reside in the human body, a population comparable in scale to the total number of somatic and germline cells. Microbial communities traditionally thought to be restricted to exposed anatomical sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, oral cavity, and vaginal canal are now recognized to inhabit internal organs previously considered sterile. Technological advancements in sequencing and microbial detection have revealed the presence of low-biomass microbiota within various organs, including the lungs, mammary glands, liver, pancreas, prostate, and kidneys. The human microbiome constitutes an indispensable component of physiological processes, with the majority of microbial species exerting commensal or beneficial effects that support host health. Nevertheless, a subset of these microorganisms has been identified as pathogenic, with some demonstrating clear associations with cancer. This evolving understanding has given rise to the emerging concept of the cancer microbiome.
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